Devki+-+SMA+-+FA11


 * __Historical Roots and Development__ **
 * 1890-1920: Progressive Era
 * o During this time period, many changes were made in the US to benefit the environment.
 * General Federation of Women’s Clubs (1890)
 * o Had committees that were strictly dedicated to the environment
 * o Ex. Forests, bodies of water, conservation, ecology
 * o More than 1,000,000 women partook in making these changes happen
 * o Crosses over into public health movement(clean water)
 * Yosemite, General Grant, and Sequoia National Parks created by Congress (1890)
 * Forest Reserve Act (1891)
 * o More than 17.5 million acres saved over the next two years
 * Sierra Club started (1892)
 * American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society started (1895)
 * The New Astronomy (1896)
 * o Author Samuel P. Langley
 * o Describes futuristic world where solar energy is used over fossil fuels
 * Forest Management Act (1897)
 * o Against movement
 * o Allows businesses to utilize US public forests
 * Theodore Roosevelt speaks to Congress for the first time as President (1901)
 * o Stresses importance of conservation and recovery of forests and water supply
 * o Also started National Wildlife Refuge System (1903)
 * Our National Parks (1901)
 * o Author: John Muir
 * American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society started (1901)
 * National Audubon Society started (1905)
 * o Movement to stop wearing hats made of feathers of endangered species of birds (1912)
 * U.S. Forest Service (renaming of Bureau of Forestry) (1905)
 * President Woodrow Wilson (1916)
 * o National Park Service
 * o National Park System
 * Corps of Engineers
 * o Start compiling information about harbors being contaminated by oil (1921)
 * o Share results (1922)
 * National Coast Anti Pollution League started (1922)
 * o Gifford Pinchot is President
 * Civilian Conservation Corps started (1933-1942)
 * o Created camps, planted trees, made roads, fire towers, buildings, and bridges
 * Greenhouse Effect
 * o Glen Thomas Trewartha uses this term in “An Introduction to Weather and Climate” (1937)
 * Walt Disney (1940-1960s)
 * o Bambi, Dumbo, Lady & The Tramp, 101 Dalmations
 * o Crosses over into animal rights and anti-hunting movement
 * LA Air Pollution Control District started (1947) (1st of its kind in the US)
 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas
 * o Author of “The Everglades: River of Grass” (1947)
 * o Truman created Everglades National Park (1947)
 * First conferences (1949)
 * o Scientific Conference on Conservation and the Utilization of Natural Resources (UN)
 * o Air Pollution Conference led by Public Health Service (US)
 * The Nature Conservancy started (1951)
 * Essay about global warming (1953)
 * o Gilbert N. Plass
 * o Article in Washington Post about his presentation
 * Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament begins in US and UK (1958)
 * Silent Spring (1962)
 * o Author: Rachel Carson
 * o Creates huge impact/worry for the environment
 * UNESCO conference: Man and his Environment (1969)
 * o Held in San Francisco
 * o International level
 * Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (1970)
 * o Advises President about environment and checks over Environmental Impact Statements
 * GM president Edward Cole
 * o Declares that there will be cars that don’t pollute the air by the 80’s
 * o Catalytic converters do reduce pollution
 * Earth Day celebrated throughout US (April 22nd, 1970)
 * EPA started by Nixon (1970)
 * Endangered Species Act (1973)
 * Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
 * International Environmental Protection Act (1983)
 * Rainbow Warrior (1985)
 * o Greenpeace ship bombed in New Zealand
 * NASA informs Congress about potential threats of global warming (1988)
 * Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change created by UN (1988)
 * Dismissal of employees in important environmental organizations due to recession(1992)
 * Greenpeace take pictures of Russian ship polluting Sea of Japan with 900 pounds of radioactive ravage (1993)
 * World Meteorological Organization says ozone layer has an increasing opening but that methyl chloroform ratio in the air has decreased (1995)
 * EPA information on air pollution (1996)
 * o Sulfur dioxide, smog, carbon monoxide, and ozone decreased
 * o Says that Clean Air Act(1970) accounts for most of this
 * Kyoto Protocol (1997)
 * President Clinton (2001)
 * o During term, saved 58 million acres of national forest and made 8 million acres of land into national monuments

**People Involved** Theodore Roosevelt (1901) John Muir (1901) President Woodrow Wilson (1916) Gifford Pinchot (1922) Walt Disney (1940-1960s) Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1947) President Truman (1947) Gilbert N. Plass (1953) Rachel Carson President Nixon (1970) President Clinton (2001)

Al Gore (2006)

see historical for more info


 * President Bush


 * Closed restoration office in the Everglades (2001)
 * Interior Bill passed that benefits environment in many ways such as giving money to conservation efforts, but also includes “riders” that can harm forests and even endangered whales in Alaska (2001)
 * The federal program that aimed to purify bodies of water from pollution is made less strict and therefore less effective (2002)
 * US didn’t support increasing clean energy at the World Summit (2002)
 * Bush didn’t go to UN Earth Summit himself, sent Secretary of State instead (2002)
 * Weakened Clean Water Act (2002)
 * Isn’t guarding enough wildlife areas as stated according to federal biologists (2004)
 * Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, the Right to Know Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act all negatively impacted
 * An Inconvenient Truth (2006)
 * Documentary about global warming
 * Wins Nobel Peace Prize with IPCC (2007)
 * Approves 2 million acre wilderness protection bill (2009)


 * Al Gore


 * NASA determines Earth’s temp collectively is hotter than ever before in the past 12,000 years (2006)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">President Obama
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Approves 2 million acre wilderness protection bill (2009)

Also: environmental organizations 3 people against: George W. Bush GM <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Exxon Mobil Corp. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Oil companies in general
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Accused by the Royal Society, a scientific group of Great Britain, of funding 35 groups that refused that climate change was happened for a total of $2.9 million
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Unintentional oil spills

**Connections**

Environmentalism was a part of the progressive era reform movement.

See historical references.

Environmentalism crosses over into animal right and anti-hunting movement.

Ecofeminism: relates the treatment of nature by human to the treatment of women by men

Says that just like humans take over nature, women must not be oppressed by men

So when nature is free, women can be free too

Nuclear energy

“clean” energy

however, many issues against radioactive waste and dumping

Works Cited Brulle, Robert J. "The U.S. Environmental Movement." //Drexel.edu//. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~brullerj/Twenty%20Lessons%20in%20Environmental%20Sociology-Brulle.pdf>. Kovarik, William. "Environmental History Timeline." //Environmentalhistory.org//. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.environmentalhistory.org/>. NRDC: The Bush Record." //Natural Resources Defense Council – The Earth’s Best Defense | NRDC//. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.nrdc.org/bushrecord/default.asp>. Walls, David. "David Walls - Sonoma State University - Environmental Movement." //Sonoma State University//. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/environmental-movement.shtml>.