Aaron+-+SMA+-+FA11


 * History**:

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. First federal immigration law suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years and barred Chinese in U.S. from citizenship. Also barred convicts, lunatics, and others unable to care for themselves from entering. Head tax placed on immigrants.

1917 Immigration Act provided for literacy tests for those over 16 and established an "Asiatic Barred Zone," which barred all immigrants from Asia.

1924 Despite protests from many native people, Native Americans made citizens of the United States. Border Patrol established.

1970 Cesar Chavez organizes the Salad Bowl Strike, which was a series of strikes, mass pickets, and boycotts, protesting Latino's treatment and pay on farms. It was the largest farm worker strike in US history. It led to the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act in 1975.

2001 USA Patriot Act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to broaden the scope of aliens ineligible for admission or deportable due to terrorist activities to include an alien who: (1) is a representative of a political, social, or similar group whose political endorsement of terrorist acts undermines U.S. antiterrorist efforts; (2) has used a position of prominence to endorse terrorist activity, or to persuade others to support such activity in a way that undermines U.S. antiterrorist efforts (or the child or spouse of such an alien under specified circumstances); or (3) has been associated with a terrorist organization and intends to engage in threatening activities while in the United States. Other info - Chinese-Americans used the American legal system to fight the Chinese Exclusion Act

Pro Immigration:
 * People:**
 * 1) MALDEF (1968-today) (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund). "MALDEF promotes social change through advocacy, communications, community education, and litigation in the areas of education, employment, immigrant rights, and political access."
 * 2) Richard Pellegrino (2011). Leader of the Cobb Immigrant Alliance which fights controversial laws like the one signed in Arizona and Georgia. He fought the bill, SB 1070. It requires immigrants to "show their papers." This is bad because it is unconstitutional and it extends police powers and it may separate families.
 * 3) Jane Addams (1889) created the Hull House which gives immigrants a clean, safe place to stay. She grew up in the poor streets of Chicago surrounded by immigrants. She saw the struggles that thy go through every day and wanted to help them out. She also is connected with the women's rights movement.
 * 4) Cesar Chavez. (1950's-1970's)Was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist. Co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. One of the best Latino civil rights activists. Helped Hispanics get jobs during the American Labor Movement. Organized aggressive, but non-violent protests to spread the cause. His work led to many improvements for Latino union laborers. Fought the Bracero Program which exploited migrant workers.
 * 5) Kareem Shora (today), national executive director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). Was appointed (by President Barack Obama) to the Homeland Security Advisory Council in 2009.
 * 6) The League of United Latin American Citizens was created with the aim of fighting the discrimination that all Hispanics may face in the United States. It was established February 17, 1929 in Corpus Christi, Texas. Activities included setting up voter registration drives, petition drives, poll tax drives and engaging in lawmaking to improve the conditions of Mexican Americans. They also worked to improve education of Mexican Americans, by conducting community education campaigns and setting up a college scholarship program.
 * 7) Yick Wo fought against the Chinese Exclusion Act, in 1886, which was discriminatory based on race. He brought it to court, and the case was named Yick Wo v Hopkins. Wo had his laundromat taken, was fined $10.00, and imprisoned for not paying the fine. Most people believe that this case was more about discrimination, not a laundromat being taken. Wo won the case and the court ruled it unconstitutional to jail other laundromat owners for the same reason.
 * 8) Ernesto Galarza (1964). Galarza's best-known work is //Merchants of Labor//, which exposed the abuses within the Bracero Program. The book was instrumental in the ending of the program, which in turn opened the door for Cesar Chavez to begin unionizing immigrant farmworkers in 1965.

Anti Immigration:
 * 1) Jan Brewer. Governor of Arizona. Signed an immigration enforcement bill, criminalizing work for those without papers and ordering state agents to enforce the prohibition strictly. She wants to stop all illegal immigration at any cost. Georgia's governor Nathan Deal also signed a copycat law for Georgia.
 * 2) Chester A. Arthur. Signed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. It suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years and barred Chinese in U.S. from citizenship. Wanted to cut down on skilled and unskilled Chinese miners coming to America. Many had come during the California Gold Rush in 1848.
 * 3) Neo-Nazi National Vanguard and the KKK. They are white supremacists so they don't like Mexicans immigrating to America mainly. They protested on the streets of Seattle, Las Vegas, and in New Hampshire recently.


 * Related Social Movements:**

Worker's Rights: Cesar Chavez fought for immigrant farm laborer rights. He wanted fair treatment of migrant workers along with fair pay. He mainly fought the Bracero Program that existed during WWII until 1964. His efforts ultimately led to Congress removing the program.

African American Civil Rights: Both people involved in the movement have had laws created against them. The Immigrant Rights Movement has had the Chinese Exclusion Act, Arizona's anti-immigration law, and more against them. African Americans have had the Jim Crow Laws passed against them which took away many basic rights and segregated them.

Women's Rights: Jane Addams worked mainly in the women's rights movement, but also was a part of the immigration movement. She saw the poor city conditions that immigrants were living in every day and wanted to help out.

Today many Mexicans are fighting to get into America and escape the poor conditions in Mexico. In 20 years, it is likely that this movement will still be going on because the US government has started cracking down on illegal immigration. People will still want to come to America because conditions aren't getting any better in Mexico.
 * The Movement Today:**

http://prospect.org/article/time-more-radical-immigrant-rights-movement http://www.flowofhistory.org/themes/movement_settlement/uspolicytimeline.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act http://www.mocanyc.org/timeline/timeline.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Chávez http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_Bowl_strike "Anti-Chinese Legislation and Court Cases." //Museum of Chinese in America (MOCA)//. 2009. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .
 * Websites:**

Bacon, David. "Time for a More Radical Immigrant-Rights Movement." //The American Prospect//. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. .

"Chinese Exclusion Act." //Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 12 Nov. 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. .

"César Chávez." //Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 6 Nov. 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. .

Guyette, Elise, Fern Tavalin, and Sarah Rooker. "A Brief Timeline of U.S. Policy on Immigration and Naturalization." //Welcome to the Flow of History//. Southeast Vermont Community Learning Collaborative, 2010. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. .

"Salad Bowl Strike." //Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 6 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .